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What difference does areal density make?

The future of sustainable mass-capacity storage is now.

AI is driving an unprecedented surge in data creation, which is projected to triple by 2028—far outpacing forecasted storage capacity. 

As a result, areal density innovation is more crucial than ever for sustainable mass-capacity storage.

First, what is areal density?

It’s the amount of data that stored per unit of surface area on a storage device.

Hard drive areal density progression has traditionally been measured in terabytes per square inch (TB/in²), but a more intuitive way of measuring it is terabytes per disk (TB/disk), which refers to the amount of data stored on each spinning platter.

Progression in areal density directly impacts how efficiently data can be stored within a physical space. In large infrastructure environments like a data center where space is at a premium, storage density improvements afford significant efficiency benefits when scaling—a strategy deployed by hyperscale cloud service providers who continually adopt the highest hard drive capacity points available.

Key breakthroughs in the evolution of areal density.

In the era of hard drive innovation, two major recording technology advancements have broken through the assumed limitations of areal density progression—PMR and HAMR.

Transitioning from LMR to PMR.

In the early 2000s, the transition from longitudinal magnetic recording (LMR) to perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) marked a pivotal increase in areal density.

By reorienting data bits from a horizontal to a vertical alignment, PMR reduced magnetic interference between bits to increase data stability and density. 

Transition from PMR to HAMR.

Because PMR technology hit its limit of areal density per platter at 3TB, a new way to increase areal density was needed. Developed by Seagate engineers and launched in January 2024, the Mozaic 3+ platform marks the world’s first implementation of heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) enabling 3.2TB per platter with a roadmap to 5TB and beyond.  

By leveraging high-coercivity media and localized plasmonic heating, HAMR achieves stable, precise writing at atomic scales, pushing areal density to unprecedented levels while maintaining the industry-standard 3.5-inch form factor. 

How areal density drives efficiency, from disk platters to data centers.

Increasing areal density optimizes data centers and improves real estate ROI for new scale-out or managed fleets.

It achieves this by offering higher per-platter data density and thus packing in more storage capacity per drive slot, improving data center utilization without compromising power and sustainability objectives.

  • Higher per-platter density enables greater capacity without expanding physical infrastructure, reducing real estate costs. 

  • Enterprises can improve real estate ROI for new scale-out or managed fleets with higher per-platter density storage; for example, transitioning from 1TB to 3TB per platter allows a drive to achieve 30TB capacity in the same form factor as a 10TB drive. 

  • Drives with higher areal density deliver 2.6× better power efficiency per terabyte than current 10TB drives. 

  • Seagate's leadership in areal density supports these scaling benefits for data centers while also lowering the bill of materials (BOM) cost per TB across its full hard drive portfolio, benefiting all markets and applications.

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Areal density savings calculator.

Current hard drive

PMR


10 platters

Upgrade hard drive

HAMR


10 platters

PMR
67%
HAMR
67%

Acquistion cost savings per TB

PMR
74%
HAMR
74%

Embodied carbon reduction per TB

PMR
67%
HAMR
67%

Operational carbon and power reduction per TB

Areal density drives sustainable growth.

Innovations in areal density are indispensable for sustainable data centers, enhancing resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact.

  • Higher-density drives use fewer raw materials per TB, cutting manufacturing needs, energy use, and e-waste. 
  • Seagate’s roadmap to achieve 5TB+ per platter in coming years enables scalable data growth while increasing sustainability. 

  • Improved areal density lowers carbon footprints by reducing drive counts and optimizing embodied carbon in data centers. Drives with higher density deliver up to 3.5× better embodied carbon efficiency than standard 10TB drives.  

Seagate is leading the way.

As the world’s only hard drive manufacturer with areal density capabilities of 3TB per disk, with 5TB per disk on the horizon, Seagate is at the helm of a storage revolution. It starts with Mozaic 3+.

Exos M

The proven path to breakthrough areal density is here. Built to enable hyper-efficient, sustainable data storage, Exos mass-capacity hard drives now feature Mozaic 3+, a powerful platform that unleashes areal density of 3TB per disk so that you can store more exabytes in the same space for a significantly lower cost.